INTRODUCTION

Mosquitoes may serve as hosts for a variety of different organisms including viruses, sporozoans, nematodes etc; but humanity is fortunate in the sense that not all the above-mentioned parasites are essentially pathogenic to man (Bates, 1949). Even then, certain parasites are constant threats to man by manifesting different dis-

ARTICLE INFORMATION:

*Corresponding Author: jazem2009@gmail.com Received 20th November, 2015

Accepted after revision 11th December, 2015 BBRC Print ISSN: 0974-6455

Online ISSN: 2321-4007 NAAS Journal Score : 3.48

©A Society of Science and Nature Publication, 2015. All rights reserved.

Online Contents Available at: http//www.bbrc.in/

eases including malaria, !lariasis, dengue, yellow fever and certain other mosquito-borne viral diseases. There are over 3,000 species of mosquitoes in the world, the most common and dangerous, are the various species in the Culex, Anopheles and Aedes genera. According to (Wallis, 2005), “mosquitoes are critically dependent on climate for their survival and development. Also, cli- mate circumscribes the distribution of mosquito-borne

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diseases such as dengue fever, while weather impacts the timing and intensity of outbreaks”. The temperature is considered an important environmental factor for the development insect and other biological and ecological aspects. The in"uence of temperature in the determining the development and "uctuation of the different insect is well established (Davidson, 1944 and Ives, 1973).Some important surveys have been conducted bin the recent past on the population of mosquito species, Ahmed et al. (2011 and Khater et al., 2013).

The objectives of this present study aim to: 1) Survey of genera and species of mosquitoes larvae and adults prevalent in Makkah city. 2) Identify the most important mosquito breeding spots in Makkah city. 3) Seasonal abundance of different adult mosquito genera and spe- cies according weather factors during 2010/2011 year in selected sites in Makkah city.

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and ranging temperature between 25°C during the day and 17°C at night. The rain more frequently in Novem- ber, December and January; the average annual rain- fall in Makkah between 25 and 80 millimeters. Winds of trends in northern and north-western and south-west, with an average speed between 3 and 36 knots, with medium moisture is most times of the year, and the average rate is between 32 and 57%.

Five sites were chosen as north, south, east, west and center of Makkah city using GPS (Global Position- ing System) Garmin International, Inc., 1200 E, Olathe, KS, 66062, USA (Table 1 & Fig. 1) for study the relation between the population density of the most important mosquito species of medical importance and climatic conditions (temperature and relative humidity) during 2010/2011 year.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

THE EXPERIMENTAL AREAS

Makkah city is a holy city for Muslims, the Grand Mosque and the Kaaba, which is the direction of Muslims in their prayers. Makkah city is located in the Hijaz in west- ern Saudi Arabia, which is the capital of the region of Makkah. Makkah city is located at the intersection of degree show 25/21 north; longitude 49/39 east, this site is one of the most dif!cult geological formations, most of granitic rocks severe rigidity. City of Makkah is com- posed of 11 sub-municipalities and an area of approxi- mately 550 km²; height above sea level of about 330 meters and a population of about 1,700,000 people. Pre- vail Makkah city desert climate because of their presence in the region tropics, and after the relative off the coast of the Red Sea is characterized by an arid climate and relatively high temperatures often in the summer is up in June to nearly 47°C, while in the winter weather warm

LARVAL SAMPLING

To !nd out the nature of the reproduction of species of mosquitoes important medical and geographical distri- bution of the hotbeds of reproduction in Makkah city, the focus was on sites watersheds of swamps and pools, as well as the focus was on buildings under construction, animal shelters, tanks and water containers exposed in gardens, farms and brick factories. Samples were taken using standard dipping techniques with a plastic dipper (BioQuip Products,Inc. California, U.S.A.). Use hand dip- per with 13 cm in diameter, made of reinforced plastic and equipped with wooden arm length of 160 is used to collect mosquito larvae from water in positive sites. Plastic jars 300 ml to put samples inside it and return it to the laboratory. Collected mosquito larvae sorted to the sub-families as either anopheline or culicine. The instars were preserved in 75% ethanol and identi!ed morpho- logically to be de!ned (Edwards, 1941 & Gillies and Coetzee, 1987). GPS device to determine the coordinates of breeding spots and drop it on the maps to show areas with a high density of larvae in Makkah city.

ADULT MOSQUITO SAMPLING METHOD

The population dynamics on mosquitos under !eld conditions have employed Black Hole Mosquito Trap Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-744, KORE (Aburas, 2007) for collecting adult mosquitoes (can decoy and capture mosquitoes both in dark out doors and indoors in by a tripartite system). Electrically operated unit has been running the Black Hole Trap for 12 hours at least, where the bulbs "uorescent drop rays near ultraviolet (wave- length 352 nm) on a piece of painted Tio2, this process produces CO2 gas that attracts mosquitoes, also working the fan on the suction mosquitoes to net, which brings together the next day of !xing. Heat and near ultravio- let rays produced from the "uorescent lamps installed inside, and carbon dioxide produced when near ultra- violet rays are radiated onto titanium dioxide.

Traps were placed in their positions before the sun and pool the next morning once every week, and is positioned samples were collected from traps in plastic cans (4x11x11 cm) blogger all the data from today’s date and the name of the site. Then taken to the laboratory where they are placed in the freezer for an hour to kill insects live, then remove them from the freezer and left at room tempera- ture for one hour in order to relax the muscles, is then loaded on scraps of paper and processed for the screening process and classi!cation to be tested and to identify the species of mosquitoes and the results recorded.

WEATHER FACTORS

Effects of weather factors on the population of mosquitos were average temperature and average relative humidity were retrieved from the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment (PME). The daily records of each weather factor were grouped into weekly means according to the sampling dates. These means were assumed to represent the !eld experimental records at sampling times.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The simple correlation and regression values were cal- culated to determine the relationship between the mean numbers of mosquitos captured and prevailing climatic conditions. The partial regression analyses were cal- culated to determine the effect of each weather factor alone on mosquito populations (SAS, 1988).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Survey of mosquito larvae of medical importance in Makkah City:

Results represented in Fig. (2) indicated that the total of collected larvae were 3097 and 3155 belongs to three genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex) during 2010/2011 year as follow:

Genus: Aedes Meigen, 1818.

Subgenus: Stegomyia.

Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus,1762).

Genus: Anopheles Meigen, 1818.

Subgenus: Anopheles

An. d›thali (Patton, 1905).

Genus: Culex Linnaeus, 1758.

Subgenus: Culex

Cx. pipiens (Linnaeus,1758).

Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823).

Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (Giles, 1901).

Data in Fig. (2) show that larvae belongs to Culex genus was the most dominant population density and presence in Makkah city in terms of geographical dis- tribution of larvae of this genus, followed in terms of the density of larvae belongs to genus Anopheles has focused spread of these larvae in north and east of Makkah city, while larvae of the genus Aedes were less population focus this race in the site of Umm El-Jood and Al Haj street.

Likewise, Cx. pipiens was the dominant species among other species with 59.9% (1849 larvae) during 2010/2011 year, whereas An. d’thali species came in the second order with 21.1% (655 larvae); while Cx. quin- quefasciatus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus came after that with 9.8& 6.1% (305 and 188 larvae), respectively; the last species was Ae. Aegypti where came in the last rank with 3.1% (95 larvae).

Results showed that the larvae of Cx. pipiens was the prevailing among other species might be due to its abil-

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ity to live in different environments, such as sewage, swamps, puddles from gathering of rainwater, stagnant pools of ground water and has ability to live in acidic water.

Whitney and Gary (2006), survey of tire-breeding mosquitoes in Alabama during 2004 and 2005. Rep- resenting 12 species in 7 genera and most frequently collected species were Aedes albopictus (70.4%), Culex territans (8.0%), and Ochlerotatus triseriatus (7.1%). Also, Ahmed et al. (2011), identi!ed the mosquito vec- tors distributed throughout Al-Ahsaa site situated in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. They served revealed, the presence of !ve mosquito species, Aedes caspius Pallas (Diptera: Culicidae), Anopheles multicolor Cam- bouliu, Culex perexiguus Theobald, Culex pipiens L., and Culex pusillus Macquart, representing three genera; four of them (Ae. caspius, An. multicolor, Cx. perexiguus, and Cx. pipiens) are important vectors of diseases. Ae. cas- pius is the most common vector followed by Cx. pipiens and then Cx. perexiguus.

Results in Table (2) show that overall, 20 sites have been explored during the study period, where Culex lar- vae were collected from 16 locations total of 20 sites were visited during the study period and the propor- tion of sites representing 80% positive and 20% negative sites. As for the larvae of the genus Anopheles mosqui- toes were collected from 9 locations of the total 20 sites to visit, where the proportion of positive sites account for 45% and 55% negative sites. As for the genus Aedes larvae were collected from 2 of the sites total of 20 sites

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were visited during the study period, and the proportion of positive sites accounted for 10% and 90% negative sites.

SURVEY OF MOSQUITO ADULTS OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE IN MAKKAH CITY

Results indicated that, weekly data has been completed to survey and identify the most important genera and species of mosquitoes in Makkah city from March of 2010 until February of 2011.

Collecting 6116 adult mosquitos from the !ve sites (east “Al Andalus”, north “Al Salama”, west “Umm El-Jood “, south “Wali Elaahd”, center “Kody”) dur- ing 2010/2011 year. It was found signi!cant difference between populations of different mosquito genera. Mos- quito present throughout the year, also data show popu- lation numbers were signi!cantly higher during Febru- ary 2011, while were less signi!cantly during June and August 2010, mosquito belong to three genera:

Aedes, Anopheles and Culex are the major genera in Makkah city, in general the mosquitos belong to Culex genus was found with signi!cantly numbers when com-

paring with other genera during the period study with 95.16% (5820 adults), whereas other genera Aedes and Anopheles has found with few numbers; when compared to the density of heavily genus Culex but other two gen- era (Anopheles and Aedes) remained signi!cant presence throughout the year especially Anopheles 4.37% (267 adults), while Aedes genus mosquito represent 0.47% (29 adults).

Recorded 7 species of adult mosquito in Makkah city:

1 Aedes, 4 Culex, 2 Anopheles as follow: Genus: Aedes Meigen, 1818.

Subgenus: Stegomyia.

Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus,1762).

Genus: Culex Linnaeus,1758.

Subgenus: Culex.

Cx. pipiens (Linnaeus,1758).

Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say,1823).

Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (Giles,1901).

Cx. perexiguus (Theobald,1903).

Genus: Anopheles Meigen, 1818.

Subgenus: Anopheles

An. d’thali (Patton,1905).

An. sergenti (Theobald, 1907).

The obtained results agree with those obtained by Khater et al. 2013, who surveyed mosquito genera and species during 14-months in three KSA regions: Makkah and Al-Baha (western) and Jezan (south-western). They recorded 21 species from six genera (8 Anopheles, 8 Culex, 1 Aedes and 3 others).

Seasonal !uctuation of adult mosquito population in the "ve sites in Makka city:

Seasonal activity of adult mosquitoes was studied using Black Hole Trap during the period from March 2010 to February 2011 in !ve sites (diastricts), (East Makkah “Al Andalus”, North Makkah “Al Salama”, West Makkah “Umm El-Jood “, South Makkah “Wali Elaahd”, Center Makkah “Kody”) in Makkah city.

In Al-Andalus site (East Makka):

Data in Table (3) show that Culex genus was the most abundant in Al-Andalus site with 97.06%, while Anoph- eles genus came the next one with 2.68%, whereas Aedes genus came last one with 0.26%.

During 2010/2011 year as shown in Fig. (3) Culex genus "uctuated throughout year and make four peaks, the mosquito individuals appeared from beginning of March with 23.0 individuals then increased in May to make the 1st peak with 43.0 individuals with correspond- ing average temperature (34.3oC) and relative humidity reached 34%, after that the population density decreased in June then increased again in next month to make the 2nd peak in July with few numbers 16.6 individu- als when the temperature reached 36.3oC and relative humidity was 32%. Mosquito numbers decreased with increased the temperature (inverse proportion between temperature and population numbers) until December where make the 3rd peak with 46.5 individuals when the temperature reached 25.8oC and relative humidity was 58%. The beginning of the second year (2012) the population density reached the maximum on February to make the 4th peak 67.5 individuals when the tempera- ture reached 25.7oC and relative humidity was 54%. The other two genera Anopheles and Aedes has been less activity, comparing with Culex genus, Anopheles genus came the second while, Aedes in last order.

In Al-Salama site (East Makka):

Data in Table (3) show that Culex genus was the most abundant in Al-Salama site with 95.73%, while Anoph- eles genus came the next one with 3.83%, whereas Aedes genus came last one with 0.44%.

During 2010/2011 year as shown in Fig. (3) Culex genus "uctuated throughout the year and make four peaks, the mosquito individuals appeared from March with 18.5 individuals then the population increased in April to make the 1st peak with 39.0 individuals, where

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the corresponding average temperature (31.2oC) and rel- ative humidity reached 42%, after that the population density decreased in May and June to make a small peak (2nd peak) on July with few numbers 17.0, when the tem- perature reached 36.3oC and relative humidity was 32%; then the population numbers decreased with increased the temperature until November then make the 3rd peak with 72.75 individuals when the temperature reached 28.7oC and relative humidity was 56%; with the begin- ning of the second year (2012) the population density reached the maximum on February with highly numbers to make the 4th peak 108.75 individuals when the tem- perature reached 25.7oC and relative humidity was 54%. The other two genera Anopheles and Aedes has been less activity, comparing with Culex genus; Anopheles genus came the second while, Aedes in last order.

In Umm Al-Jood site (West Makka):

Data in Table (3) show that Culex genus was the most abundant in Umm Al-Jood site with 84.61%, while Anopheles genus came the next one with 14.77%, whereas Aedes genus came last one with 0.62%.

During 2010/2011 year as shown in Fig. (3) Culex genus present throughout the year and make four peaks, the mos- quito individuals appeared from beginning study (March) with 10.5 individuals then increased in April to make the 1st peak with 18.2 individuals where the corresponding average temperature (31.2oC) and relative humidity reached 42%, after that the population density decreased in May and June after that increased with few numbers to make small peak (2nd peak) on August with few numbers 6.0 indi- viduals when the temperature reached 36.1oC and relative humidity was 38%; then the population numbers decreased with increased the temperature until November where make the 3rd peak with 36.5 individuals when the tempera- ture reached 28.7oC and relative humidity was 56%; with the beginning of the second year (2012) the population density reached the maximum on February with highly density 30.75 individuals when the temperature reached 25.7oC and relative humidity was 54%. The other two gen- era Anopheles and Aedes has been less activity, comparing with Culex genus; Anopheles genus came the second while, Aedes in last order.

In Wali Alaahd site (South Makka):

Data in Table (3) show that Culex genus was the most abundant in Wali Alaahd site with 96.69%, while Anoph- eles genus came the next one with 2.79%, whereas Aedes genus came last one with 0.52%.

During 2010/2011 year as shown in Fig. (3) Culex genus "uctuated during the year and make three peaks, the mosquito individuals appeared from March with 5.0 individuals then increased in April to make the 1st peak with 14.4 individuals where the corresponding aver-

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age temperature (31.2oC) and relative humidity reached 42%, after that the population density decreased dur- ing the period from May to September then increased to make the small peak (2nd peak in) October with 7.75 individuals when the temperature reached 32.6oC and relative humidity was 48%; then the population num- bers decreased with increased the temperature until the beginning of the second year (2012) the population density reached the maximum on February with highly density 28.0 individuals when the temperature reached 25.7oC and relative humidity was 54%. The other two genera Anopheles and Aedes has been less activity, com- paring with Culex genus; Anopheles genus came the sec- ond while, Aedes in last order.

In Kody site (Center Makka):

Data in Table (3) show that Culex genus was the most abundant in Wali Alaahd site with 96.69%, while Anoph- eles genus came the next one with 2.79%, whereas Aedes genus came last one with 0.52%.

During 2010/2011 year as shown in Fig. (3) Culex genus "uctuated during the year and make three peaks, the mosquito individuals appeared on March with highly numbers 27.25 individuals then reached

25.4adults in April to make the 1st peak where the corresponding average temperature (31.2oC) and rel- ative humidity reached 42%, after that the popula- tion density decreased during the period from May to October then increased again to make the 2nd peak in December with 49.2 individuals when the temperature reached 25.8oC and relative humidity was 57%; then the population numbers decreased with increased the temperature until the beginning of the second year (2012) the population density reached the maximum on February with highly density 63.75 individuals when the temperature reached 25.7oC and relative humidity was 54%. The other two genera Anopheles and Aedes has been less activity, comparing with Culex genus; Anopheles genus came the second while, Aedes in last order.

Seasonal !uctuation of adult mosquitoes in all study sites:

Data in Table (3) show that Culex genus was the most abundant in all sites with 95.16% (5820 adults), while Anopheles genus came the next one with 4.37% (267 adults), whereas Aedes genus came last one with 0.79% (29 adults).

During 2010/2011 year as shown in Table (3) Culex genus "uctuated during the study year and make four peaks, the mosquito individuals appeared on March with highly numbers 337 individuals then reached 669 adults

in April to make the 1st peak where the correspond- ing average temperature (31.2oC) and relative humidity reached 42%, after that the population density decreased during the period from May to June then increased again to make the 2nd peak in July with 227 individuals when the temperature reached 36.3oC and relative humidity was 32%; then the population numbers decreased dur- ing the period from August to September then increased again to make the 3rd peak on December with 950 indi- viduals when the temperature reached 25.8 and RH% was 57% when beginning the second year (2012) the population density reached the maximum on February

with highly density 1195 individuals when the tempera- ture reached 25.7oC and relative humidity was 54%. The other two genera Anopheles and Aedes has been less activity, comparing with Culex genus; Anopheles genus came the second while, Aedes in last order.

Data in Table (4), show that the simple correlation between adult mosquitos (Aedes, Culex, Anopheles and total) and average temperature were negative signi!- cant (r = -0.53611, -0.77257, -0.46133 and 0.77108); whereas, were positive signi!cant between adult mos- quitos (Aedes, Culex, Anopheles and total) and relative humidity% (r = 0.34586, 0.71251, 0.33819 and 0.70385).

On the other hand, results in Table (1), show that the simple regression for changing the adult mosquitos (Aedes, Culex, Anopheles and total) and average temper- ature were negative signi!cant (b = -2.01, -3.85, -1.64

and -3.83); whereas, were positive signi!cant between adult mosquitos (Aedes, Culex, Anopheles and total) and relative humidity% (b = 1.17, 3.21, 1.14 and 3.13).

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